Sains Malaysiana 53(11)(2024): 3709-3719

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5311-14

 

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Dimethacrylate-Based Bionanocomposites with Hydroxyapatite from Rohu Fish (Labeo rohita) Bones

(Sintesis dan Pencirian Bionanokomposit Berasaskan Poli (Etilena Glikol) Dimetakrilat dengan Hidroksiapatit daripada Tulang Ikan Rohu (Labeo rohita))

 

BUSHRA INAM¹, NARGIS JAMILA², NAEEM KHAN^1,*, SAEED AHMAD KHAN³, UMAR NISHAN¹, ALEESHA RAUF¹, SHAUKAT SHUJAH¹, AZHAR UL HAQ ALI SHAH¹, MOHAMED A. IBRAHIM⁴ & KYONG SU KIM⁵

 

¹Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

²Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

³Department of pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

⁴Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

⁵Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea

 

Received: 15 August 2024/Accepted: 18 September 2024

 

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has gained significant recognition as a bioceramic with widespread utilization in diverse biomedical fields such orthopedics and dentistry. The present study was aimed to isolate hydroxyapatite from rohu fish bones and integrate it into biomaterials with the potential for use in dentistry. Nanocomposite films were developed by combining hydroxyapatite and irgacure with poly (ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and characterized by SEM, DSC, FTIR spectroscopy, and XRD techniques. The SEM study identified HA as nanospheres with crystal sizes below 30 nm. When incorporated into PEGDMA, these nanoparticles aggregated, potentially disrupting polymer chain interactions and affecting the films' mechanical properties. The XRD pattern obtained from the fish bone subjected to higher temperature calcination exhibited highly intense and sharp peaks, indicating the removal of the organic portion. The FTIR results confirmed the disappearance of carbon-to-carbon double bonds due to the successful free radical polymerization reaction. The high enthalpy of fusion for PEGDMA and irgacure 2952 (86.1409 kJ/mol) suggested that they required high energy to melt, while their exothermic crystallization enthalpy (21.35378 kJ/mol) indicated the heat release upon solidification. Adding hydroxyapatite reduced these enthalpies, indicating easier melting and solidification, which may aid processing thus opens new possibilities for biomedical applications, particularly in dentistry.

 

Keywords: Hydroxyapatite (HA); irgacure; poly (ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA); rohu fish (Labeo rohita) bones

 

Abstrak

Hidroksiapatit (HA) telah mendapat pengiktirafan yang ketara sebagai bioseramik dengan penggunaan meluas dalam pelbagai bidang bioperubatan seperti ortopedik dan pergigian. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengasingkan hidroksiapatit daripada tulang ikan rohu dan mengintegrasikannya ke dalam biobahan yang berpotensi untuk digunakan dalam pergigian. Filem nanokomposit telah dibangunkan dengan menggabungkan hidroksiapatit dan irgacur dengan poli (etilena glikol) dimetakrilat (PEGDMA) dan dicirikan oleh teknik SEM, DSC, FTIR dan XRD. Kajian SEM mengenal pasti HA sebagai nanosfera dengan saiz kristal di bawah 30 nm. Apabila digabungkan ke dalam PEGDMA, zarah nano ini terkumpul, berpotensi mengganggu interaksi rantai polimer dan menjejaskan sifat mekanikal filem. Corak XRD yang diperoleh daripada tulang ikan yang tertakluk kepada pengkalsinan suhu yang lebih tinggi menunjukkan puncak yang sangat sengit dan tajam, menunjukkan penyingkiran bahagian organik. Keputusan FTIR mengesahkan kehilangan ikatan berganda karbon-ke-karbon kerana tindak balas pempolimeran radikal bebas yang berjaya. Entalpi pelakuran yang tinggi untuk PEGDMA dan irgacur 2952 (86.1409 kJ/mol) mencadangkan bahawa ia memerlukan tenaga yang tinggi untuk mencairkan, manakala entalpi penghabluran eksotermiknya (21.35378 kJ/mol) menunjukkan pelepasan haba apabila pemejalan. Menambah hidroksiapatit mengurangkan entalpi ini, menunjukkan pencairan dan pemejalan yang lebih mudah, yang boleh membantu pemprosesan sekali gus membuka kemungkinan baharu untuk aplikasi bioperubatan, terutamanya dalam pergigian.

 

Kata kunci: Hidroksiapatit (HA); irgacur; poli (etilena glikol) dimetakrilat (PEGDMA); tulang ikan rohu (Labeo rohita)

 

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*Corresponding author; email: naeem@kust.edu.pk